the long form of the periodic table divides the elements into four major blocks known as s, p, d, and f. this division represents the name of the orbital and received from the last electron of the shell.
s block elements are those in which their last electron enters into their outer most shells. p block elements are those in which last electrons enter in anyone from the last three outermost shells respectively and in d Block elements, electrons enter in anyone five d orbitals while in f block elements, electrons enter in any one of the 7 f orbitals.
The modern periodic table sets out the elements in the order, in which successive energy levels in the atoms are being filled by electrons.
Since the electrons occupy specific energy levels and subshells, thus there is a definite relationship between the periodic table and filling of the subshell.
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On the basis of the filling of electronic subshells, the elements may be classified into four sections or blocks i.e., s-, p-, d- and f-block elements in the periodic table depending upon the nature of the atomic orbitals into which the differentiating (last) electron enters.
For the purpose of this classification of elements, only the orbital of the highest energy into which the last electron goes is considered. This orbital may not always belong to the outermost shell.
1st Transition Series (3d series): 21Sc through 29 Cu. In the atoms of these elements, the last electron enters the 3d orbitals.
2nd Transition Series (4d series). 39Y through 47Ag.
3rd Transition Series (5d series). 57La and 72Hf through 9 Au.
4th Transition Series (6d series). (incomplete) 89Ac and elements 104 through 112. These are the elements of the 7th period (incomplete period).
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Strictly speaking, the Group IIB elements, Zn, Cd, and mercury are not d-transition metals since their “last” electron goes into s-orbitals; but they are usually discussed with the d-transition metals because their chemical properties are similar.
4f-block elements (inner Transition elements). In these elements, either in their atomic state or in any of their common oxidation states, the last electron enters the (n-2)f orbitals of the (n-2) shell. In other words, in these elements ‘(n—2)f orbital is being
4f-Series or 1st Inner Transition Series (Lanthanides): This series has 14 elements: 58Ce through 71Lu.
5f-Series or 2nd Inner Transition Series (Actinides): 90Th through 103Lr. All of the actinides are radioactive and from neptunium (element 93) on, are synthetic. They have been produced in nuclear reactors or by using particle accelerators.
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