A betatron is a device used for accelerating electrons (also known as beta particles) to high speeds using induced electric fields produced by changing magnetic fields.
Such high energy-electrons can be used for basic research in physics as well as for producing x-rays for applied research in industry and for medical purposes such as cancer therapy. The betatron provides an excellent illustration of the ‘’ reality ’’ of induced electric fields.
Its principle is based on electromagnetic induction. The varying electric field gives rise to an induced electric field on an electron moving in a circular orbit. Due to this induced field electrons were accelerated.
Typically, betatrons can produce energies of 100 MeV, in which case the electrons are highly relativistic (v= 0.99987c). betatrons can produce enormous currents, in the range of 103 to 105 A.
They are, however, pulsed machines, producing pulses of typical width or less separated by time intervals in the range of 0.01 – 1s.
The figure shows a cross-section through the inner structure of a betatron. It consists of a large electromagnetic M. The field of which ( indicated by the field lines) can be varied by changing the current in coils C.
The electrons circulate in the evacuated ceramic doughnut-shaped tube marked D. Their orbit is at right angles to the plane of the figure, emerging from the left and entering at the right.
The magnetic field has several functions:
It consists of a ring-shaped vacuum tube chamber placed between the poles of an electromagnet. By applying suitable electric and magnetic fields electrons emitted from an electron gun are forced to move in a circular path. A high-voltage AC supply is needed.
The electrons are injected in during the first quarter of the cycle in which the magnetic field is increasing. The magnetic field is perpendicular to the electron which causes the electron to move in a circular path.
Betatron works over 300 MeV beyond this limit, electrons loss radiations and the net gain in maximum energy becomes negligible
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